24 worked answers · short steps first, explanations when you need them
Exercises
Textbook pages 35–37
Question 1
Fill in the blanks: service-sector employment has/has not risen as much as output; the sector that does not make goods; where job security is more common; size of the unorganised workforce; cotton/cloth as natural/manufactured; independent/interdependent sectors.
Steps only
(i) has not; (ii) tertiary; (iii) organised; (iv) large; (v) cotton is a natural product and cloth is a manufactured product; (vi) interdependent.
Answer
(i) has not;
(ii) tertiary;
(iii) organised;
(iv) large;
(v) cotton is a natural product and cloth is a manufactured product;
(vi) interdependent. Each answer describes how sectors and employment are classified.
Question 2
Choose: (a) basis for public/private classification (b) sector for production mainly through natural processes (c) GDP includes which output (d) tertiary GVA share in 2017–18.
Steps only
(a) Ownership of enterprises—(iii).
Answer
(a) Ownership of enterprises—(iii). (b) Primary—(i). (c) Final goods and services—(ii), to avoid counting the same value more than once. (d) 50–60 per cent—(iii), according to the textbook data.
Question 3
Match farming problems with measures: unirrigated land; low crop prices; debt; no off-season work; forced early sale to traders. Measures: agro-based mills; cooperative marketing; government procurement; canals; low-interest bank credit.
Steps only
1–(d) canals; 2–(c) government procurement; 3–(e) low-interest bank credit; 4–(a) agro-based mills; 5–(b) cooperative marketing societies.
Answer
1–(d) canals; 2–(c) government procurement; 3–(e) low-interest bank credit; 4–(a) agro-based mills; 5–(b) cooperative marketing societies. Each measure addresses the matching problem.
Question 4
Find the odd one out: (i) tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter, farmer (ii) teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer (iii) postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable (iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, All India Radio.
Steps only
(i) Farmer—primary; the others provide services or make goods.
Answer
(i) Farmer—primary; the others provide services or make goods.
(ii) Vegetable vendor—usually unorganised self-employment; the others are commonly skilled professions.
(iii) Cobbler—typically unorganised private work; the others are public-service jobs.
(iv) Air India—private sector in the textbook’s current classification; the others are public-sector organisations. Classifications can depend on ownership and the specific worker’s arrangement.
Question 5
Complete the Surat employment table and find the share of workers in the unorganised sector.
Steps only
The missing categories are: organised—15% in registered offices/factories and 15% in licensed own shops/offices/clinics; unorganised—20% street, construction and domestic work and 50% in small unregistered workshops.
Answer
The missing categories are: organised—15% in registered offices/factories and 15% in licensed own shops/offices/clinics; unorganised—20% street, construction and domestic work and 50% in small unregistered workshops. Unorganised workers therefore make up 70% (20% + 50%).
Question 6
Is classifying activities as primary, secondary and tertiary useful? Explain.
Steps only
Yes.
Answer
Yes. It shows how work is connected: the primary sector gets materials from nature, the secondary sector processes them, and the tertiary sector provides services. It helps compare production and employment and identify where jobs or support may be needed.
Question 7
Why study employment and GVA in each sector? What else should be examined?
Steps only
Employment shows how many people get work; Gross Value Added (GVA) shows the value created by production.
Answer
Employment shows how many people get work; Gross Value Added (GVA) shows the value created by production. We should also examine wages, job security, working hours, safety, environmental effects, gender equality and regional differences. A sector can create high output while employing few workers or offering poor conditions.
Question 8
List jobs done by adults around you and explain how you would classify them.
Steps only
Sample: farmer—primary; factory worker—secondary; teacher, nurse, driver and shopkeeper—tertiary.
Answer
Sample: farmer—primary; factory worker—secondary; teacher, nurse, driver and shopkeeper—tertiary. Each job can also be classified as organised or unorganised and as public or private. Record actual local examples and explain the criterion used; some jobs may fit more than one category.
Question 9
How is the tertiary sector different? Give examples.
Steps only
The tertiary sector provides services rather than directly growing crops or manufacturing goods.
Answer
The tertiary sector provides services rather than directly growing crops or manufacturing goods. Examples include transport, banking, teaching, health care, retail, communication and repair. These services support households and help primary and secondary production operate.
Question 10
What is disguised unemployment? Give a rural and an urban example.
Steps only
Disguised unemployment occurs when more people work at a task than needed, so some workers can leave without reducing output.
Answer
Disguised unemployment occurs when more people work at a task than needed, so some workers can leave without reducing output. In a rural family, six people may work on a small plot where four are enough. In a city, several family members may help at a tiny shop even when fewer could manage it.
Question 11
Distinguish open unemployment from disguised unemployment.
Steps only
In open unemployment, a person willing and able to work has no job.
Answer
In open unemployment, a person willing and able to work has no job. In disguised unemployment, the person appears to be working, but their contribution is not needed and output would not fall if they stopped.
Question 12
Do you agree that the tertiary sector does not contribute significantly to India’s development? Give reasons.
Steps only
No.
Answer
No. Services contribute a large share of India’s output and support other sectors through transport, communication, banking, trade, education and health care. However, service-sector growth has not created enough secure jobs for everyone, so employment quality and access also need attention.
Question 13
What two broad kinds of people are employed in India’s service sector?
Steps only
One group provides essential services such as teachers, nurses, transport workers, postal staff and bank employees.
Answer
One group provides essential services such as teachers, nurses, transport workers, postal staff and bank employees. Another group provides services that grow with income and development, such as restaurants, shopping, tourism, private transport and communication services.
Question 14
Are workers exploited in the unorganised sector? Explain.
Steps only
Often, yes.
Answer
Often, yes. Workers may face low or irregular wages, long hours, unsafe workplaces, no paid leave and little job security. Some employers do not follow labour rules. Conditions vary, so the solution is enforcement of fair wages, safety standards and social protection.
Question 15
How are jobs classified by employment conditions?
Steps only
Jobs are classified as organised or unorganised.
Answer
Jobs are classified as organised or unorganised. Organised workplaces are generally registered and follow labour rules, with written terms and benefits. Unorganised work is often small-scale or unregistered and may lack secure wages, benefits and protection.
Question 16
Compare organised and unorganised employment.
Steps only
Organised workers are more likely to have regular salaries, fixed hours, paid leave, social-security benefits and legal protection.
Answer
Organised workers are more likely to have regular salaries, fixed hours, paid leave, social-security benefits and legal protection. Unorganised workers often have irregular work, lower pay, longer hours and little protection. These are general patterns; actual conditions differ across workplaces.
Question 17
Explain the objective of MGNREGA 2005 or Viksit Bharat–G RAM G 2025.
Steps only
The employment-guarantee programme aims to provide rural households with paid work on demand and create useful local assets.
Answer
The employment-guarantee programme aims to provide rural households with paid work on demand and create useful local assets. The 2025 textbook refers to Viksit Bharat–G RAM G; consult the chapter’s current description and teacher guidance for the latest provisions. Its core purpose is rural livelihood support and local development.
Question 18
Compare the activities and functions of public and private sectors using local examples.
Steps only
Public-sector organisations are owned or controlled by government and often provide services for public needs, such as municipal water or government hospitals.
Answer
Public-sector organisations are owned or controlled by government and often provide services for public needs, such as municipal water or government hospitals. Private organisations are owned by individuals or companies and usually earn profit, such as a private clinic or shop. Both can provide useful services, but their ownership and goals differ.
Question 19
Give one example in each cell: well-managed and poorly managed public-sector organisation; well-managed and poorly managed private-sector organisation. Explain your choices.
Steps only
Answers depend on the locality.
Answer
Answers depend on the locality. Choose organisations you know and state evidence: reliable service, transparent fees, safe conditions or responsive complaints may indicate good management; repeated delays, unsafe practices or unclear charges may indicate poor management. Use fair, verifiable observations rather than unsupported claims.
Question 20
Give examples of public-sector activities and explain why government undertakes them.
Steps only
Examples include roads, railways, water supply, public schools, hospitals, irrigation and food distribution.
Answer
Examples include roads, railways, water supply, public schools, hospitals, irrigation and food distribution. These services benefit many people, require large investment or may not be affordable if left only to private providers. Government can use public funds to make them broadly available.
Question 21
How does the public sector contribute to national economic development?
Steps only
It builds infrastructure, provides education and health services, supports agriculture and industries, supplies essential goods, creates jobs and serves remote or poorer regions.
Answer
It builds infrastructure, provides education and health services, supports agriculture and industries, supplies essential goods, creates jobs and serves remote or poorer regions. These activities improve people’s capabilities and help private production and trade grow.
Question 22
Why do unorganised-sector workers need protection in wages, safety and health? Give examples.
Steps only
They need protection because weak bargaining power can lead to unpaid or very low wages, unsafe equipment and illness.
Answer
They need protection because weak bargaining power can lead to unpaid or very low wages, unsafe equipment and illness. Construction workers need helmets and safe scaffolding; domestic workers need fair pay and protection from abuse; factory workers need ventilation and machine guards. Rules and inspections help protect workers.
Question 23
In the Ahmedabad study, 11,00,000 of 15,00,000 workers were unorganised. Income was ₹60,000 million, of which ₹32,000 million came from organised work. Present the data and suggest ways to create jobs.
Steps only
| Sector | Workers | Income (₹ million) |
|---|---:|---:|
| Organised | 4,00,000 | 32,000 |
| Unorganised | 11,00,000 | 28,000 |
| Total | 15,00,000 | 60,000 |
Create jobs by supporting small businesses, improving skills, investing in roads and services, expanding labour-intensive manufacturing and protecting workers so jobs are decent as well as numerous.
Answer
| Sector | Workers | Income (₹ million) | |---|---:|---:| | Organised | 4,00,000 | 32,000 | | Unorganised | 11,00,000 | 28,000 | | Total | 15,00,000 | 60,000 | Create jobs by supporting small businesses, improving skills, investing in roads and services, expanding labour-intensive manufacturing and protecting workers so jobs are decent as well as numerous.
Question 24
For the table, calculate each sector’s share of total GVA in 2001–02 and 2021–22, suggest a bar graph and state conclusions.
Totals: 2001–02 = ₹42,94,000 crore; 2021–22 = ₹1,38,77,400 crore. Shares: 2001–02—primary 30.8%, secondary 24.2%, tertiary 45.0%. 2021–22—primary 17.9%, secondary 29.4%, tertiary 52.8%. For a bar graph, put years on the horizontal axis and percentage on the vertical axis, with three bars per year. The tertiary sector had the largest share and grew; the primary share fell, while the secondary share rose.